See twierdzić in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twierdzić"
},
"expansion": "Polish: twierdzić",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: twierdzić"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "twiyrdzić"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: twiyrdzić",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: twiyrdzić"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*tvьrditi",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *tvьrditi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
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},
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"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "twardy",
"3": "-ić"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, twardy + -ić",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tvьrditi. By surface analysis, twardy + -ić.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "impf"
},
"expansion": "twierdzić impf",
"name": "zlw-opl-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ćwirdza"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "twardy"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1972 [15th century], Józef Reczek, Wacław Twardzik, editors, Najstarsze staropolskie tłumaczenie ortyli magdeburskich wg rkpsu nr 50, pages 39, 1:",
"text": "Gdy Otho... myszlyl o tem, kakoby thy ludzye... [nawrocił] ku dusznemv *krzesczyanszkymv prawu, na to czwyerdzyl nasze myastha (ad id civitatem nostram firmavit) y postawyl byszkupa ku duchownemv prawu",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1874-1891 [1449], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXV, page 166:",
"text": "Swaczcze, twerdcze w[a]szych serczoch (dominum autem Christum sanctificate in cordibus vestris I Petr 3, 15)",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to firm, to harden, to strengthen, to fortify"
],
"id": "en-twierdzić-zlw-opl-verb-55pexxF~",
"links": [
[
"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"harden",
"harden"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
],
[
"fortify",
"fortify"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "silnić"
}
],
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1915 [XV med.], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543, page 513:",
"text": "Czwerdzymy szya animatur",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to strengthen (to become stronger, to gain strength)"
],
"id": "en-twierdzić-zlw-opl-verb-uB3YLk8Q",
"links": [
[
"się",
"się#Old_Polish"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive with się) to strengthen (to become stronger, to gain strength)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with się"
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sieradz-Łęczyca Old Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1874-1891 [1466], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, Łęczyca, page 16:",
"text": "Lupus id, gl. pacem, firmat, gl. confirmat czwyrdzy, obside firmat ouis",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to confirm"
],
"id": "en-twierdzić-zlw-opl-verb-g5GO1rxP",
"links": [
[
"confirm",
"confirm"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca) to confirm"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "poświadczać"
},
{
"word": "przymawiać"
}
],
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lesser Poland Old Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 6 17 59 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 17 63 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish terms suffixed with -ić",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 5 28 46 7 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 20 61 5 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 10:",
"text": "[D]latego ysze synowie z oczczem gedną krwyą są spoyeny..., przeto czwyrdzimi (statuimus)",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to decide, to order"
],
"id": "en-twierdzić-zlw-opl-verb-krNkU9wO",
"links": [
[
"decide",
"decide"
],
[
"order",
"order"
]
],
"qualifier": "attested in Lesser Poland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(attested in Lesser Poland) to decide, to order"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "obrzędzać"
},
{
"word": "skazować"
},
{
"word": "uchwalać"
}
],
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Masovia Old Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 35:",
"text": "Domyenik swyadeczstwo przerzeczonego Iakvba... moczno a wstawnye czwyrdzyl (asseruit) bycz nyegodne",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to affirm, to state"
],
"id": "en-twierdzić-zlw-opl-verb-8WW-c~EW",
"links": [
[
"affirm",
"affirm"
],
[
"state",
"state"
]
],
"qualifier": "attested in Masovia",
"raw_glosses": [
"(attested in Masovia) to affirm, to state"
],
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tfjɛ(ː)rd͡ʑit͡ɕ/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/tfjɛrd͡ʑit͡ɕ/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/tfjerd͡ʑit͡ɕ/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ćwirdzić"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ćwierdzić"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "twirdzić"
}
],
"word": "twierdzić"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Polish imperfective verbs",
"Old Polish lemmas",
"Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Old Polish terms suffixed with -ić",
"Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old Polish verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"pl:Thinking"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twierdzić"
},
"expansion": "Polish: twierdzić",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: twierdzić"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "twiyrdzić"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: twiyrdzić",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: twiyrdzić"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*tvьrditi",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *tvьrditi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*tvьrditi"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tvьrditi",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "twardy",
"3": "-ić"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, twardy + -ić",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tvьrditi. By surface analysis, twardy + -ić.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "impf"
},
"expansion": "twierdzić impf",
"name": "zlw-opl-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "ćwirdza"
},
{
"word": "twardy"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"Old Polish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1972 [15th century], Józef Reczek, Wacław Twardzik, editors, Najstarsze staropolskie tłumaczenie ortyli magdeburskich wg rkpsu nr 50, pages 39, 1:",
"text": "Gdy Otho... myszlyl o tem, kakoby thy ludzye... [nawrocił] ku dusznemv *krzesczyanszkymv prawu, na to czwyerdzyl nasze myastha (ad id civitatem nostram firmavit) y postawyl byszkupa ku duchownemv prawu",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1874-1891 [1449], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXV, page 166:",
"text": "Swaczcze, twerdcze w[a]szych serczoch (dominum autem Christum sanctificate in cordibus vestris I Petr 3, 15)",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to firm, to harden, to strengthen, to fortify"
],
"links": [
[
"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"harden",
"harden"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
],
[
"fortify",
"fortify"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "silnić"
}
],
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"Old Polish reflexive verbs",
"Old Polish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1915 [XV med.], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543, page 513:",
"text": "Czwerdzymy szya animatur",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to strengthen (to become stronger, to gain strength)"
],
"links": [
[
"się",
"się#Old_Polish"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive with się) to strengthen (to become stronger, to gain strength)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"with się"
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"Old Polish terms with quotations",
"Sieradz-Łęczyca Old Polish"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1874-1891 [1466], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, Łęczyca, page 16:",
"text": "Lupus id, gl. pacem, firmat, gl. confirmat czwyrdzy, obside firmat ouis",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to confirm"
],
"links": [
[
"confirm",
"confirm"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca) to confirm"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "poświadczać"
},
{
"word": "przymawiać"
}
],
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Lesser Poland Old Polish",
"Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"Old Polish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 10:",
"text": "[D]latego ysze synowie z oczczem gedną krwyą są spoyeny..., przeto czwyrdzimi (statuimus)",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to decide, to order"
],
"links": [
[
"decide",
"decide"
],
[
"order",
"order"
]
],
"qualifier": "attested in Lesser Poland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(attested in Lesser Poland) to decide, to order"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "obrzędzać"
},
{
"word": "skazować"
},
{
"word": "uchwalać"
}
],
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Masovia Old Polish",
"Old Polish quotations with omitted translation",
"Old Polish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 35:",
"text": "Domyenik swyadeczstwo przerzeczonego Iakvba... moczno a wstawnye czwyrdzyl (asseruit) bycz nyegodne",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to affirm, to state"
],
"links": [
[
"affirm",
"affirm"
],
[
"state",
"state"
]
],
"qualifier": "attested in Masovia",
"raw_glosses": [
"(attested in Masovia) to affirm, to state"
],
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tfjɛ(ː)rd͡ʑit͡ɕ/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/tfjɛrd͡ʑit͡ɕ/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/tfjerd͡ʑit͡ɕ/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ćwirdzić"
},
{
"word": "ćwierdzić"
},
{
"word": "twirdzić"
}
],
"word": "twierdzić"
}
Download raw JSONL data for twierdzić meaning in Old Polish (5.4kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca",
"path": [
"twierdzić"
],
"section": "Old Polish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "twierdzić",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca",
"path": [
"twierdzić"
],
"section": "Old Polish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "twierdzić",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (4ba5975 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.